机场地勤设备排放物的分析方法

杨保华¹，滕帅^2,3，盖永田^2,3，刘顺利^2,3，李昊^2,3，霍庆龙^1*

1.山东省机动车排气污染监控中心，山东 济南  250102；2.中国重型汽车集团有限公司，山东 济南  250102；

3.济南汽车检测中心有限公司，山东 济南  250013

摘要：为研究机场地勤设备运行过程中产生的污染物对空气质量及环境的影响，以某国际机场为研究对象，根据主要用途将地勤设备分为17类并统计地勤设备的排放标准，提出地勤设备关键运行参数计算方法，采集实时运行数据，计算地勤设备常用运行车速、负载因子及污染物年排放并分析排放特性，探讨机场地勤设备电动化升级的可行性，对比分析将现有燃油行李车升级为符合国六排放标准的新设备与替换为纯电动行李车两种策略的经济效益、环保效益和使用便利性。研究结果表明：1）在17种类型地勤设备燃油车中，污染物年排放排名前5的地勤设备为行李车、航餐车、飞机牵引车、跑道维护车和地勤代步车，5类地勤设备的CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5、PM₁₀的年排放量分别占年排放总量的76.3%、80.0%、63.3%、85.3%、85.5%。2）该机场将现有行李车更换为符合国六排放标准的新设备，CO、HC、NO_x、PM_2.5、PM₁₀的年排放分别减小23.1%、15.4%、37.2%、43.2%、43.1%。3）采用电动行李车比采用国六排放标准燃油行李车的初期投入多8万元，但年度能源成本和年度维护成本的节省费用分别为16 500元和357元，投资回收期约4.75 a，电动行李车初期投入较高，但在整个生命周期内运营成本较低，经济效益更明显；电动化地勤设备在运行中不产生NO_x等有害物质，且产生的噪声比同功率燃油车可减小10~20 dB；电动化地勤设备的人工维护成本较低且采用无级变速传动结构，有效提高地勤设备运行可靠性，降低驾驶员劳动强度。

关键词：机场地勤设备；污染物；运行数据；负载因子；电动化

Analysis method for emissions from airport ground support equipment

YANG Baohua¹, TENG Shuai^2,3, GAI Yongtian^2,3, LIU Shunli^2,3, LI Hao^2,3, HUO Qinglong^1*

1. Shandong Motor Vehicle Exhaust Pollution Monitoring Center, Jinan 250102, China;

2. China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250102, China;

3. Jinan Automotive Testing Center Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China

Abstract: To investigate the impact of pollutants generated from the operation of airport ground support equipment (GSE) on air quality and the environment, taking an international airport as the research object, ground support equipment is classified into 17 categories according to their primary purposes, and the emission standards of ground support equipment are statistically analyzed. A calculation method for key operating parameters of ground support equipment is proposed, real-time operational data are collected, and the commonly used operating speeds, load factors, and annual pollutant emissions of ground support equipment are calculated to analyze emission characteristics. The feasibility of electrification upgrade for airport ground support equipment is explored, and a comparative analysis is conducted on the economic benefits, environmental benefits, and operational convenience of two strategies: upgrading existing baggage carts to new equipment complying with China′s National VI Emission Standard versus replacing them with pure electric baggage carts. The research results indicate: 1) Among the 17 types of fuel-powered ground support equipment, the top 5 ground support equipment in terms of annual pollutant emissions are baggage carts, catering trucks, aircraft tow tractors, runway maintenance vehicles, and ground support shuttle vehicles. The annual emissions of CO, HC, NO_x, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀from these 5 types of ground support equipment account for 76.3%, 80.0%, 63.3%, 85.3%, and 85.5% of the total annual emissions, respectively. 2)When the airport replaces existing baggage carts with new equipment complying with China′s National VI Emission Standard, the annual emissions of CO, HC, NO_x, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ are reduced by 23.1%, 15.4%, 37.2%, 43.2%, and 43.1%, respectively. 3) The initial investment for electric baggage carts is 80 000 yuan more than that for China′s National VI Emission Standard fuel baggage carts, but the annual energy cost savings and annual maintenance cost savings are 16 500 yuan and 357 yuan, respectively, with a payback period of approximately 4.75 years. Electric baggage carts have higher initial investment but lower operating costs throughout their entire lifecycle, demonstrating more significant economic benefits. Electric ground support equipment does not produce harmful substances such as NO_x during operation, and the noise generated is 10-20 dB lower than fuel vehicles of the same power. Electric ground support equipment has lower manual maintenance costs and adopts connuously variable transmission structure, improving the operational reliability of ground support equipment and reducing driver labor intensity.

Keywords: airport ground support equipment; pollutant; operational data; load factor; electrification